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Archive for July, 2011

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The link between pregnancy and a man’s semen was dimly understood even in ancient times, so that the earliest contraceptive methods involved preventing semen from entering the woman’s uterus.

Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation, is one of the oldest methods, and, though it is not reliable, it is still widely practiced. Documents surviving from ancient Egypt record various methods for averting conception. The most lucid and detailed early account of contraceptive methods, however, is the work of Soranus of Ephesus (2nd century AD).

For all practical purposes the education of the general populace on the subject of contraception was not initiated until the early 1800s. The first systematic work in contraception was begun in 1882 by Dr. Aletta Jacobs of The Netherlands.

From the late 19th century a greater understanding of reproductive anatomy and physiology led to the widespread use of methods and devices of varying reliability and risk. Sterilization, one of the most effective forms of contraception, is permanent and generally irreversible.

The most effective of the reversible methods are hormonal contraceptives (birth-control pills, Norplant, and Depo-Provera), intrauterine devices, and condoms used with spermicide. Each of these has a potential success rate of some 99 percent if used consistently and correctly. Many methods of contraception involve secondary health risks. The safest contraceptive methods include the use of barrier devices and the avoidance of sexual intercourse during the period of ovulation.

Some of the cheapest and most widely available contraceptive methods are too ineffective to be practical. Spermicides, whether in the form of cream, foam, or jelly, are only about 80 percent effective when used without some kind of barrier. Douching with water or with a spermicidal agent only affects the sperm that remain in the vaginal canal; the sperm that have already entered the uterus are not affected. Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal, does not account for drops of seminal fluid that are released before ejaculation. Breast-feeding inhibits ovulation, but not reliably enough to be effective.

Experimental and less widespread forms of birth control include an oral contraceptive for men.

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How to prevent Obesity in adults (Prevent Obesity in adults):
Obesity is the major problem facing by more than 170 million adults in the world. Obesity is referred as the condition of excess fat content in the body. Obesity can occur to all age groups .Obesity is caused when the body consumes more calories than it burns and lacks physical activities.

Obesity is caused by many factors like:

Dietary calories
Genetic problems
Sedentary life style
Infectious agents
Medical and psychiatric illness
Social determinants.

But most of the medical practitioner still believes that obesity is mainly caused by more calories intake and lack of physical exercise. These obesity factors increases health problems with increase in age.

Obesity in adults causes many health problems like:

Cancer
Ostoarthritis
Heart disease
Type 2 diabetes
Breathing difficulties.

Obesity Prevention in adults: we have to prevent obesity in adults for staying safe and healthy from its adverse effects. For the prevention of obesity in adults, they need an effective metabolism rate in the body. Metabolism rate plays a key role in preventing obesity. Metabolism is nothing but a process of burning and storing the calories within the body. If you want to prevent obesity please concentrate on your metabolism rate. metabolism speed up is very useful in defining
weight loss . Most of the adults try for many workouts without proper knowledge about metabolism .Metabolism plays a crucial role in supporting steady healthy system. Obesity is caused due to having low BMR (basal metabolic rate) than the required rate. So, low BMR rate results in less burning calories and add up to more fat in the body causing over weight or obesity.

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The best ways to prevent obesity in adults is by:
To prevent obesity in adults depends on several factors like age, body structure, activities and food intake .As these factors drive the obesity level. In order to prevent obesity in adults follow these below mentioned factors.

Taking low calorie content food: This is one of the best known method for preventing obesity in adults. People should prefer nutrition content foodto lose weight without exercise. For this you need to plan a less food intake at regular intervals of time. Avoid taking junk foods which contains oil, sugar and flour. Having fiber-rich foods like apples, oranges, grapes, broccoli and lemon can prevent obesity in adults. The energy produced by these fiber-rich foods can be easily burned by the body at high speed.
Make a track record of your diet and checkout the calories to burn out daily. Have 10-15 glasses of water daily to avoid hunger .It helps in increasing metabolism rate and reduces over weight. By drinking water daily you can have more chances of preventing obesity in adults. Water helps in increasing metabolism rate rapidly and also helps in preventing obesity in adults.

Performing physical exercises: Natural exercise plays a key role in preventing obesity in adults .
Physical exercises
increases body metabolism rate. Metabolism is nothing but the process of burning calories required by the body. If the metabolism rate is high in the body then it will be easy to lose weight and if the metabolism rate is low then easy to gain more weight. So, in order to maintain high metabolism rate we have to pan for regular exercises like walking, Aerobic exercises, skipping, jumping, cycling, weight lifting exercise, swimming and sit-ups. These exercises really benefits in preventing obesity in adults.

Avoiding alcohols/smoking: Avoiding alcohols/smoking will be helpful in preventing obesity in adults for sure. Dont use un-prescribed medical drugs which may cause several side effects. Before taking medications please consult doctor for knowing the usage and precautions.

Prevention of obesity in adult is very important in the early stage because it causes many health risk problems .These health risk problems will severely affect the lifestyles of the adults. So, to prevent obesity in adults, increase metabolism rate by taking calorie-deficit food along with performing some physical exercises.

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It happens many times that a couple forgets to use contraception or the condom tears off during sexual intercourse. This increase the chances of pregnancy, which might not be wanted at that point of time. Many women are often worried about an unwanted pregnancy that might disrupt the course of their life. These are the times when emergency contraception can be used.

As the name suggests, emergency contraception can be used during an emergency when traditional contraception fails or it is not used at all. Emergency contraception can be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse. Some pills are known as “morning after pills“, but they can be taken up to 3 days after unprotected sexual intercourse.

Using emergency contraception pills will reduce the possibility of pregnancy. Generally, a woman is most likely to become pregnant if she has sexual intercourse within a few days before and after ovulation. These pills should not be taken regularly.

Various types of contraceptive pills are available on the market but only some of them are effective. Let us have a look at some of the effective ones.

Yasmin

Yasmin, an contraceptive pill, works by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary. It causes changes in the uterine lining and makes it harder for the sperm to reach the uterus. This drug can be used by women who are 14 years or older whose menstrual periods have started.

Dianette

This medication is an anti-androgen. Women as well as men produce androgens, which stimulate the skin to produce an oil known as sebum. Dianette is an effective anti-acne medication. It is also used to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. It works by preventing the release of eggs from the ovaries.

Microgynon

These pills are a type of hormonal contraception, known as “the pill”. The two main ingredients of this drug are ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, synthetic forms of female sex hormones, progesterone and oestrogen. These ingredients work by overriding the menstrual cycle and controlling the level of sex hormones each month.

Mercilon

The two main ingredients of Mercilon are desogestrel and ethinylestradiol, synthetic forms of female sex hormones, progesterone and oestrogen. This pill, unlike other ones, is a monophasic pill. This means that all tablets in the course contain the same amount of hormones.

Ovranette

This drug is used for contraception and endometriosis. This combined oral contraceptive works by overriding the normal menstrual cycle and controlling the level of sex hormones. Ovranette, like Mercilon, is a monophasic pill. All tablets contain the same amount of hormones. You need to take 1 tablet everyday for 21 days and then give a break of 7 days.

Micronor

These contraceptive pills are known as the mini pills or POPs (progestogen-only pill). If you want these pills to be very effective, you should take them at the same time everyday.

Take the above mentioned pills only if the doctor prescribes them. You can even buy these pills online if you are concerned about buying them from a local pharmacy. If you suffer from one brand of pills, you can always try another brand. Changing medications is often effective in reducing side effects.

Profit in any business requires an increase in income and decrease in expenditure. The same theory applies to the retail industry. To make profit in retail requires an in increase sales and reduction in shrinkage. This concept has so far been non-existence in the retail industry where the focus has always only been on increase sales and hoping that the problem of shrinkage will miraculously disappear.

Retail shrinkage occurs as a result of poor or non-existent loss prevention policies and procedures. Therefore, it is imperative that any retail organisation that wishes to remain profitable include loss prevention in its standard operational practices.

Loss prevention is the series of activities that are geared towards the reduction or elimination of all potential loss within an organisation. In the past, loss prevention has been confused with security. While security is a part of loss prevention, security is reactive, basically geared towards identifying shoplifters and employees suspected of stealing, loss prevention is centred around all the activities that are responsible for store loss. It can be known loss such as damages, returns and errors or unknown loss such as shoplifting or employee theft. Preventing shrinkage is simple if we understand the sources of the loss. Last year, UK retail industry spent 771 million on loss prevention, despite this spending, retail shrinkage rose by 5.4%. This has remained the story of loss prevention in the UK for many years. Shrinkage reduced by a few percent one year and increase by several percent the following.

What is the reason for this, the answer lies in the way loss prevention funding is allocated. Even though the levels of funding differ from one organisation to the other, the principle remains the same: spending more for less return on investment (ROI).

The Global Retail Theft Barometer report stated that for the 12-months ending June 2009 crime cost UK retailers 4,063 million. This is broken down as follows:

Customer theft 1,767 million (43.5% of all shrinkage)
Employee theft 1,479 million (36.4% of all shrinkage)
Distribution chain theft 175 million – (4.3% of all shrinkage)
Administrative error – 642 million – (15.8% of all shrinkage)
Total Shrinkage – 4,063 million – (100.0% of all shrinkage)

Total loss prevention spending for the same period was 771 million slightly down from the previous year of 785 million.

Broken down as follows:

Contract Security – 270,621,000.00
In-house Security – 162,681,000.00
Security Equipment – 223,590,000,00
Cash Collection – 61,680,000,00
Other LP Spending – 52,428,000.00

However, in this same period, shrinkage as a percentage of sales rose to 1.37% a rise of 5.4% from 2008 figure of 1.30%.

This brings us to the central thesis of this article: Why is retail loss prevention measure ineffective?

The answer lies in the way funding is allocated. To produce the desired result, retailers first and foremost need to determine the source of loss and allocate funding according to the ratio of loss and the ROI.

The below table outlines this point better, it shows last year retail spending on loss prevention and their return on investment:

Measures: Spending: ROI Achieved:

Trained Employees - 6.8% - 50%

Security Personnel - 56.2% - 2%

Security Equipment - 29% - 45%

Signs & others - 8% - 3%

Customer related theft accounts for only 21% of retail shrinkage the remaining 79% can be broken down into cashier cause 32%, followed by general employee cause 24%, receiving 10% and the remaining 13% is the result of damage and error. But the interesting point that needs to be noted is that even though 79% of retail shrinkage in caused by internal activities, retailers spent more on combating customer related theft than on employee cause.

56.2% of loss prevention resources were on security personnel that produced only 2% ROI, 6.8% was spent on staff training that produced 50% ROI. It is not difficult to see why despite the huge spending on loss prevention, retailers have not been able to affect their shrinkage level. There is a direct correlation between loss prevention spending and the ROI. Until such time that retailers get the balance right, loss prevention spending will continue to produce negative result.

How to make loss prevention effective?

The following are measures when implemented can lead to massive reductions in shrinkage levels and increased profits:

Measure the Scale of the Problem

Analysis daily profit and loss report

Complete top management involvement

Create awareness of the problem

Continuous education and discipline of employees

Inspect What You Expect

Set Measurable Targets

Take Advantage Of Technology

Develop the act of flexibility in approach

Change from present paradigm

Loss prevention is a science and like any science, it requires a systematic approach. Loss prevention personnel cannot approach it with cross fingers praying for the best. Gone are the days when retail crime such as shoplifting was seen as teenage leisure activities, or conducted by drug addicts. Many incidents of shoplifting are now carried out by Organised Retail Theft rings with levels of sophistication never before seen in the retail industry. We as loss prevention experts along with law enforcement agencies have to wake up to this fact and try to build our own capabilities to respond accordingly.

Increase sale does not necessarily mean increase profit the quicker retail executives crabs this concept, the sooner they will be making sustainable profit.